Federal withholding is not a flat share of your pay. Publication 15-T tells an employer to annualise the pay period, subtract a fixed W-4 amount — $12,900 filing jointly, $8,600 otherwise — and look the result up in a bracket schedule that starts at 0% and climbs to 37%. The annual figure is then divided back over the pay periods, so a raise mid-year changes every remaining paycheck.
Social Security and Medicare work differently: 6.2% and 1.45% of gross pay, with no allowance and no brackets. Social Security stops once the year's wages pass the wage base, $184,500 in 2026; Medicare never stops, and adds 0.9% above $200,000 a year. This calculator spreads both evenly across the year rather than front-loading Social Security the way real payroll does, so the annual total is right and a single high-earning paycheck is not.
State tax uses one rate you enter. A zero rate correctly represents states with no wage income tax. In flat-rate states the statutory rate may be right, but state allowances, deductions or payroll certificates can change the withholding base.
This calculator does not model those rules, so its state figure is approximate even for a flat-rate state. Graduated brackets and local taxes add further differences. Withholding is an estimate paid toward the eventual tax bill, which the return settles.